Name | 邻甲酚-d8 |
Synonyms | iheir-K PROXEL LV ROCIMA 361 O-CRESOL-D8 2-methylphenol-d8 Germicide,industrial PROFENOFOS+CYPERMETHRIN |
CAS | 203645-65-2 |
Molecular Formula | C7D8O |
Molar Mass | 116.19 |
Density | 1.126g/mLat 25°C(lit.) |
Melting Point | 32-34°C(lit.) |
Boling Point | 191°C(lit.) |
Flash Point | 178°F |
Storage Condition | Room Temprature |
Refractive Index | n20/D 1.543(lit.) |
Hazard Symbols | T - Toxic |
Risk Codes | R24/25 - R34 - Causes burns |
Safety Description | S36/37/39 - Wear suitable protective clothing, gloves and eye/face protection. S45 - In case of accident or if you feel unwell, seek medical advice immediately (show the label whenever possible.) |
UN IDs | UN 3455 6.1/PG 2 |
WGK Germany | 3 |
Toxicity | 杀菌剂对人、畜、鸟、蜂、鱼的毒性。分急性毒性、亚急性毒性、慢性毒性三种表现形式。急性毒性 以小动物如小白鼠或大白鼠作供试动物,以杀菌剂直接口服或皮肤涂抹于供试动物,观其中毒症状和致死中量,即杀死群体中50%个体所需的剂量(毫克/公斤体重)以LD50表示。凡LD50值大者,表示杀死50%个体所需的剂量多,该杀菌剂的毒性低。根据口服LD50量的大小,将农药的毒性划分为特剧毒<1毫克/公斤、剧毒1~50毫克/公斤、高毒50~100毫克/公斤、中等毒100~500毫克/公斤、低毒500~5000毫克/公斤、微毒5000~15 000毫克/公斤。经皮毒性分低经皮毒性、中等经皮毒性、严重皮肤毒性。 图1为几种常用杀菌剂的毒性。慢性毒性 用微量杀菌剂长期(六个月以上)饲喂供试动物连续观察2至4世代存活的个体,是否发生致癌、致畸、致突变的现象。为了快速测定,也可用Ames氏测定法,即以鼠伤害沙门氏菌(Salmonellatynhimurium)作为指示微生物,三天内即可知该药剂是否具致突变作用。有的杀菌剂在急性毒性方面属于微毒,但其慢性毒性却表现具“三致”作用,如百菌清在5000~10000mg/kg对大鼠肾脏有致癌作用,在微生物试验中亦发现有致突变现象。 由于杀菌剂对动物的毒性,加之使用于农作物上后,由于药剂的分解、代谢的原因,造成空气、水、土壤等环境的污染和农产品上的残留。国家从保持生态平衡,防止环境污染以及人、畜的健康安全出发,对一些高毒和高残留的杀菌剂禁止使用,如有机汞杀菌剂。同时也规定一些杀菌剂的最终残留的限量、安全间隔期(表3)。如百菌清在水稻最终残留量不能超过0.2ppm,安全间隔期为10天。苹果、梨、葡萄不能超过1mg/kg,安全间隔期分别为21天、25天、21天。 |
overview | fungicides refer to compounds that can kill or inhibit the growth and reproduction of fungi. According to the prevention and control of diseases, it can be divided into protective fungicides, eradicating fungicides, and systemic fungicides; it can also be divided into inorganic fungicides, organic sulfur fungicides, and organic phosphorus fungicides according to the main chemical components of fungicides. Organic chlorine fungicides, organic mercury fungicides, heterocyclic fungicides, etc. In addition, there is a class of compounds that have a control effect on plant diseases. They do not directly kill or inhibit infected bacteria, but only improve the disease resistance of plants, thereby helping to inhibit disease symptoms or have a delay The development of diseases, such as changing the tissue structure of plants, improving the activity of related enzymes, neutralizing toxins produced by germs or stimulating plants to produce phytoalexin, etc. Such compounds are also broadly called fungicides. Fungicides are also used in industry to protect textiles, wood, paper, leather, coatings, plastics and optical glass from mold growth. Toxic and auxiliary fungicides have killing or inhibiting effects on germs, which are related to the molecular structure of fungicides. Each fungicide must have toxic genes or toxic elements in its molecular structure. Such as the mercury element in organic mercury compounds, the trichloromethio group of Kedendan. The virulence of fungicides to fungi is due to the destruction of thallus metabolism by these groups and elements, which eventually causes thallus to die. There are also certain auxiliary groups in the structure of the fungicide, which can adjust the physical and chemical properties of the compound. For example, the butylamine formyl group in the benomyl structure has strong lipophilic performance, which increases the ability of the agent to penetrate into the bacteria, thereby enhancing the antibacterial effect of the agent. The activity of non-toxic fungicides on fungi is manifested in affecting the pathogenicity of fungi; affecting the relationship between host and pathogenic bacteria, and improving plant disease resistance. The effect of tricyclazole on Magnaporthe oryzae is to inhibit the melanin synthesis that invades the cell wall during spore germination, and as a result, it cannot penetrate the host cell and cause invasion. That is, because it affects the tightness of the cell wall and the necessary swelling pressure in the cell. DDCC can prevent the expansion of rice blast disease spot after spraying on rice leaves, because the agent promotes the accumulation of plant defense momilictones A and B in the tissues around the disease spot, so that the mycelium in the invasion point cannot expand and spread. |
history of use | chemical elements, natural substances and inorganic compounds were the first to be discovered and used to control plant diseases. As early as 1000 BC, the disease prevention effect of sulfur was discovered. In 470, someone sprayed olive leachate to prevent blight and used a mixture of wine and cypress leaves to impregnate wheat seeds to prevent diseases. In 1705, mercuric chloride was first used as a wood preservative and then used to control wheat smut. Sulfur was widely used in the prevention and control of plant diseases after it was discovered in 1824 that it had special effects on peach powdery mildew. In 1880, the United States successfully used lime-sulfur mixture to control grape powdery mildew, and since then created the history of lime-sulfur mixture to control plant diseases. In 1761, copper sulfate was first used to treat wheat seeds to control seed-borne diseases. in 1882, French scientist mirard (p. m. A.Millardet) found that Bordeaux mixture has good control effect on grape downy mildew, and established the position of Bordeaux mixture in fungicide, which is still used so far. From the end of the 1800s to the 1950s, people strengthened the research on organic fungicides in order to seek substitutes for copper and mercury preparations. The most influential should be the bactericidal effect of dithiocarbamate derivatives reported by W.H. Tisdale et al. in 1934. This discovery opened up a new era of organic compounds as fungicides. Following the discovery of the bactericidal activity of zinc, iron, and double, DuPont discovered the bactericidal activity of sodium in the Dysen class in 1935 and was put into production in 1943. After the 60s, dithiocarbamate fungicides gradually developed into the world's largest production of a class of fungicides. so far, nearly 300 varieties of organic fungicides have been commercialized one after another. instead of benzene, there are dozens of varieties such as pentachloronitrobenzene, hexachlorobenzene, chlorothalonil, etc. trichloromethio fungicides mainly include sterilizing pills and germ pills. After the 1950s, many varieties of organic mercury and quinones, organotin, organophosphorus and agricultural antibiotic fungicides have been practical. In 1969 and 1970, the ethyl thiopanyl and thiopanyl methyl developed by the Japanese Caoda Chemical Company are the two best varieties, especially the latter is widely used in vegetable and fruit trees. In the 60s, when Japan was developing fungicides to control rice sheath blight, it successfully introduced organic arsenic fungicides such as Fomearsine and Tianan. It is particularly worth mentioning that a batch of good systemic fungicides have appeared in heterocyclic fungicides. breakthrough progress has been made in systemic fungicides, which actually started with the discovery of the systemic bactericidal activity of withered rust spirit by Uniroyal company in 1960. In 1966, the rust spirit and the oxidation rust spirit were commercialized at the same time. Later, benomyl, dodecamorpholine, thiopendyl-methyl, zimalin, etc. appeared one after another. In the 1970s, triazoles, represented by triadimefon, received widespread attention. However, the above-mentioned systemic fungicides are very ineffective against many important diseases of oomycetes. In 1977, Swiss Ciba-Garkey (Ciba-Geigy) Company successfully developed an excellent systemic fungicide metalaxyl for the prevention and treatment of diseases caused by oomycetes. It not only has high efficacy, low dosage and two-way conduction performance, which makes the internal suction fungicide enter a new stage of widespread use. China is one of the countries that used elements and inorganic chemicals to control plant diseases very early. It is recorded in many famous ancient works (see the history of pesticide development). In the 1950s, inorganic fungicides and copper and mercury preparations were still the most used. Substituted benzenes such as quintozene have also been used. In the 60s, dithiocarbamate salts and organic arsenic preparations were widely used. Carbendazim was developed in the 1970s and developed into one of the largest fungicide varieties in China. At the same time, China's agricultural antibiotic jinggangmycin is also widely used in the control of rice sheath blight. Since the 1980s, many excellent fungicides such as organic phosphorus rice blast net, ethylphosphate aluminum; triadimefon, tricyclazole, and rice blast in heterocyclic fungicides; thiophanate-methyl, chlorothalonil, metalaxyl, etc., which replace benzene, have been popularized and applied. |
classification and types of fungicides | there are many types of fungicides and various purposes of use. it can be classified according to the regulations of use management or chemical structure, but no matter what classification method is imperfect, each has its own advantages and disadvantages. according to the control objects, it can be divided into three categories: ① fungicides (fungicides) are fungicides for controlling fungal plant diseases. The vast majority of plant diseases are caused by pathogenic fungi, and fungicides are the main types of fungicides. (2) Bactericidal agents (bactericides) are fungicides for preventing and controlling bacterial plant diseases. (3) Virubicides (viricides) are fungicides for preventing and controlling viral plant diseases. The latter two types of varieties are few. According to the mode of action and mechanism, it can be divided into 4 categories: protective agent, eradication (eradicant) agent, systemic (systemic) fungicide and ergosterol biosynthesis inhibitor. according to the source of raw materials and chemical structure, it is divided into three categories: chemically synthesized fungicides, agricultural antibiotics and phytoncides (phytoncides). It is divided into 5 categories according to the use method: ① Spray agent. Fungicides mainly applied to plant nutrients by spraying or dusting. Spraying agents are the most widely used, mainly to prevent and control air-borne diseases. (2) Seed treatment agent. Fungicide for treating seeds. Mainly prevent and control seed transmission diseases, or soil transmission diseases. The treatment of seeds with strong systemic agents can also prevent and control airborne diseases during the growth period. Triadimenol treatment of wheat seeds can control wheat powdery mildew and rust. The main medication methods are seed dressing and seed soaking. (3) Soil treatment agent. Fungicides applied to soil. It mainly prevents soil transmission diseases. The main methods of use are spraying, irrigation, spreading, and strip application. ④ Fumigation and fumigation agent. Fungicides that can vaporize or become smoke under certain conditions. It uses fumigation or fumigation to prevent and control diseases. It is usually used under relatively closed conditions. ⑤ Preservative. Fungicide used to prevent rot of melons, fruits and vegetables. The use methods include dipping, spraying and medicine paper packaging. |
agricultural antibiotics | substances produced by microorganisms, especially actinomycetes, that inhibit or kill other harmful organisms are called antibiotics. Antibiotics used in agriculture are called agricultural antibiotics. Agricultural antibiotics can not only control fungal diseases, bacterial diseases and viral diseases, but also have insecticidal and weeding effects. This type of fungicide is characterized by low concentration, low dosage, and high control effect; generally has good systemic therapeutic activity; strong selectivity; short residual effect period, and relatively safe for humans, animals and plants. |
phytoncide | chemicals that kill pathogenic bacteria contained in higher plants. The main representatives of this type of fungicide are allicin, and its synthetic homolog ethyl allicin. |
inorganic fungicide | inorganic fungicide is an element or inorganic compound with bactericidal effect made from natural minerals. inorganic fungicides are the oldest fungicides. As early as 1000 A. m., people discovered the bactericidal effect of sulfur. In 1824, it was discovered that sulfur had a special effect on peach powdery mildew. Since then, sulfur has been applied in the prevention and control of plant diseases. There was a record of lime sulfur mixture in 1803.30 years later, the United States successfully used boiled lime sulfur mixture to control grape powdery mildew. This development from various preparations of elemental sulfur to inorganic compounds of sulfur (lime sulfur mixture is calcium polysulfide) as fungicides is a major development of inorganic sulfur fungicides. In 1705, mercuric chloride was used as a preservative for surgical materials. In 1755, it was used to control wheat smut. In 1891, Backer.J.T. Chemical Company officially produced it as a fungicide. Since then, mercury preparations have been widely used in plant disease control. In 1761, people first applied copper sulfate to treat wheat seeds to prevent smut. In 1800, France discovered the chemical properties of Bordeaux mixture. In 1882, it successfully controlled grape downy mildew in Bordeaux, France. Since then, it has been widely used as a broad-spectrum fungicide. Since the emergence of dithiocarbamate fungicides, organic fungicides have developed rapidly. Since the 2060s, systemic fungicides have developed more rapidly, and many inorganic fungicides have gradually been replaced. However, various preparations of elemental sulfur, sulfur mixture, Bordeaux mixture and other inorganic fungicides are still important varieties. Inorganic fungicides are mostly protective fungicides, lacking penetration and internal absorption. The level of preparation and use of these pharmaceutical preparations often plays a vital role in the exertion of drug effects; this type of pharmaceutical except mercury In addition to preparations, the general dosage is relatively high, and the efficacy is not as good as good organic fungicides; the safety to plants is relatively poor, in the case of improper preparation, high concentration, uneven spraying or uncomfortable weather conditions, it is easy to cause phytotoxicity to plants, especially sensitive plants. Inorganic sulfur fungicides have a good bactericidal effect, and are also effective against certain pests and mites. The main control objects are powdery mildew, wheat rust, apple scab, anthracnose, grape black pox, etc. A variety of diseases can also control a variety of mites and scale insects. Inorganic copper fungicides, especially Bordeaux mixture, have a relatively wide bactericidal spectrum. They are resistant to downy mildew and anthracnose of various crops, as well as rice blast, rice flax spot, sheath blight, bacterial blight, potato late blight, black spot disease of citrus and apples, pear scab, etc. have good control effects. Inorganic mercury fungicides are mainly used for seed dressing of cereal seeds. Because of its high residual poison, it has been banned. |
mode of action | fungicides have two modes of bactericidal and bacteriostatic effects on germs, and two modes of protective and therapeutic effects on plants. Non-systemic fungicides are mostly bactericidal and protective effects, the systemic fungicides are mostly bacteriostatic and therapeutic. Sterilizing fungicides really kill germs and no longer survive. Judging from the poisoning manifestations, the main reason is that the spores cannot germinate. Many non-systemic fungicides, such as copper preparations, inorganic sulfur and other compounds show bactericidal effects. The mechanism of action is mainly to affect the biological oxidation in the bacteria. Bacteriostasis Fungicides can only inhibit a certain process of bacterial life activities, not the way to kill bacteria. For example, the spores do not germinate when the agent is present, and the agent can still be restored to life after being eliminated. Most systemic fungicides show bacteriostasis. Its mechanism of action is mainly manifested in the process of inhibiting biosynthesis in the bacteria; the scope of inhibition includes: inhibiting the formation of pathogen spores, ascospores, conidia, ascospores, attachment spores, and sucking spores. The bacteria will lose their pathogenicity within a certain period of time when they are inhibited, while the crops will continue to grow to avoid the susceptible period. The performance of the two modes of action is often related to the concentration of the compound and the length of the action. The same fungicide may have different modes of action depending on the concentration of use or the time of exposure to germs. For example, 5 micrograms/ml of benomyl can inhibit the growth of some black molds and have no effect on spore germination, but the spores will be killed after extending the action time to 1 hour. |
principle of action | physiological and biochemical processes that kill or inhibit the growth, development and reproduction of bacteria. After the fungicide comes into contact with the fungus, it is manifested as affecting the germination of spores, the formation of the septum of the bud tube, the maturation of the attached spores, the formation of the invading filaments, the abnormal hyphae, the abnormal branching of the hyphae, and the formation of new spores. Various poisoning symptoms such as sclerotia formation and germination. The fungicide has bactericidal and bacteriostatic effects on the mode of action of the bacteria. Sterilization is a kind of fungicide that contacts thallus at a certain concentration and time to make it lose its ability to grow and reproduce. Bacteriostasis is the inhibition of the growth and reproduction of the bacteria after being treated by the agent. Once out of contact or adding competitive inhibitors of anti-metabolism, the bacteria can resume growth and reproduction. With the in-depth study of bactericides on physiological metabolism and biochemical reactions of bacteria, the concepts of sterilization and bacteriostasis have given new connotations. It affects the biological oxidation in the bacteria, and the symptoms of fungus poisoning are that the spores cannot sprout, which is called sterilization. It affects the biosynthesis of bacteria, and the symptoms of fungus poisoning are that the budding bud tube or hyphae cannot continue to grow, which is called bacteriostasis. Sometimes sterilization or bacteriostasis cannot be clearly distinguished. For example, 5 ppm benomyl can inhibit the growth of some powdery mildew fungi hyphae, and when the concentration is 500ppm, it will affect the germination of spores; the mode of action of withering rust on the bacteria is to inhibit biological oxidation, but Poisoning is manifested as affecting the continued growth of hyphae. The bactericidal or inhibitory effect of fungicides on bacteria is manifested in the following three aspects: destroying the cell structure of bacteria, interfering with cell metabolism, and affecting the synthesis of nucleic acid and protein. Fungicides have only a single effect on the metabolic activities of thallus cells at a specific site, such as the synthesis of triadimefon to sterols and the affinity of carbendazim to tubulin. There are also many fungicides, especially protective fungicides, which are multi-site inhibition. For example, Kedendan can inhibit the decarboxylation reaction of pyruvate, thereby affecting the formation of acetyl-CoA; the same is also required in the process of fatty acid oxidation Acetyl-CoA is involved, and Kedendan can also inhibit fatty acid oxidation. |
dosage form of fungicide | fungicide can be processed into various dosage forms according to the physical and chemical properties and application requirements of the fungicide. 1. Powder: directly process the original medicine into powder with a certain fineness to make powder, or mix and grind a small amount of raw powder with filling powder to form powder with a certain fineness. The original drug of this kind of fungicide is not hydrophilic. After being processed into powder, it is sprayed between plants on the ground through powder spraying equipment, or sprayed in the air through aircraft. The thickness of powder particles affects the quality of spraying and control. The fine powder has strong adhesion on the surface of the plant, large effective coverage, and is also volatile into a gaseous state. For example, sulfur powder is generally required to pass through No. 300 sieve, and the diameter of the powder is not more than 27 microns. 2, wettable agent: the original drug and wetting agent, dispersant and filling powder mixed and crushed. The fineness of the powder particles requires 99.5% to pass through a 200 mesh sieve, I .e. the powder particles are below 74 microns. After mixing with water, it must have suspension, dispersion and wettability. The wettable agent accounts for a large proportion of the fungicide dosage form. 3. Adhesive suspension: It is made by mixing the original medicine, dispersant, suspending agent, antifreeze agent and water-soluble surfactant and grinding in water. The diameter of the granules is 1~3 microns, and the suspension rate is above 90% after being mixed with water. Such as carbendazim suspension. 4. EC: The original medicine, organic solvent and emulsifier are mixed in a certain proportion. In order to improve the solubility of the solvent to the original drug, a small amount of cosolvent is added to prepare high concentration emulsifiable concentrate. After emulsifiable concentrate is mixed with water, it is a transparent or translucent colloidal solution, and the diameter of the oil particles is below 0.1 microns, which is called soluble emulsifiable concentrate. There is also an emulsifiable concentrate mixed with water to form an emulsion, called emulsifiable emulsifiable concentrate. There is also a small amount of emulsifiable concentrate such as Weiruling emulsifiable concentrate in the fungicide. 5. Granules: It is processed by the original medicine, adhesive and carrier through special granulation machinery and technology. It is divided into granule, granule and large granule according to the size of the granule. After spreading rice fields with different rice blast net granules for controlling rice blast, it can not only reduce pesticide pollution in the air, but also be absorbed and operated by rice plants through the relief of chemicals in field irrigation water to achieve the purpose of preventing and controlling diseases. 6. Smoke agent: powder made by mixing raw medicine, fuel, oxidant and flame extinguishing agent, which is packed in a tank or bag and ignited by a fuse and burned. After being vaporized by heat, the original drug condenses into 0.1~2 micron smoke particles in the air. Chlorothalonil and sulfur do not decompose at high temperatures and can sublimate, so they are made into smoke agents and used in greenhouses and forests. |
toxicity | toxicity of fungicides to humans, animals, birds, bees and fish. There are three manifestations of acute toxicity, subacute toxicity, and chronic toxicity. For acute toxicity, small animals such as mice or rats are used as test animals, and fungicides are directly taken orally or applied to the test animals on the skin to observe the symptoms of poisoning and the median lethal dose, that is, to kill 50% individuals in the group The dose (mg/kg body weight) is expressed in LD50. Where the LD50 value is large, it means that the dose required to kill 50% individual is large, and the toxicity of the fungicide is low. According to the amount of oral LD50, the toxicity of pesticides is divided into extremely toxic <1 mg/kg, highly toxic 1~50 mg/kg, highly toxic 50~100 mg/kg, medium toxic 100~500 mg/kg, low toxic 500~5000 mg/kg, slightly toxic 5000~15,000 mg/kg. Transdermal toxicity is divided into low transdermal toxicity, moderate transdermal toxicity and severe skin toxicity. fig. 1 shows the toxicity of several commonly used fungicides. For chronic toxicity, trace fungicides are fed to test animals for a long time (more than six months) to continuously observe whether the surviving individuals of 2 to 4 generations have carcinogenic, teratogenic, and mutagenic phenomena. For rapid determination, Ames assay can also be used, that is, Salmonella (Salmonellatynhimurium) is used as an indicator microorganism, and whether the agent has mutagenic effect can be known within three days. Some fungicides are slightly toxic in terms of acute toxicity, but their chronic toxicity has a "three-causing" effect. For example, chlorothalonil has a carcinogenic effect on the kidney of rats at 5000-10000 mg/kg, and mutagenicity has also been found in microbial tests. Due to the toxicity of fungicides to animals, and after being used on crops, due to the decomposition and metabolism of the fungicides, environmental pollution such as air, water, soil and residues on agricultural products are caused. In order to maintain ecological balance, prevent environmental pollution and the health and safety of human and livestock, the state prohibits the use of some highly toxic and high-residue fungicides, such as organic mercury fungicides. At the same time, the final residue limit and safety interval of some fungicides are also stipulated (Table 3). For example, the final residue of chlorothalonil in rice cannot exceed 0.2ppm, and the safe interval is 10 days. Apple, pear and grape should not exceed 1 mg/kg, and the safety interval is 21 days, 25 days and 21 days respectively. |
use | used to inhibit the growth and reproduction of fungi in oil field water and circulating water of large plants |